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- Ball end mill (Ball-nose) - A milling cutter whose point grind forms an arc
(usually a semi-circle). These bits are commonly used for
cutting round bottom grooves for "O" ring seals. They
are also the tool of choice in 3D surface machining where the
"topo" steps that result for using a flat bottom
cutter are unacceptable.
Burr - A cutting tool
with a "grinding" geometry. Burrs are available in
a wide variety of sizes and shapes including cones, cylinders,
tear drops, and spheres.
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Carbide Bit -
A cutting tool fabricated by grinding a cutting geometry into a
tungsten carbide blank. There are numerous grades and
blends of tungsten carbide designed to meet the demands of a
wide variety of machining operations.
Chip load - The distance a bit moves forward as a single flute cuts
into a material. The amount that each flute cuts during a
single revolution of a cutting tool. The formula for chip load is CL =
(feed rate / no. flutes) / RPM. The TOTAL chip load is
defined as the distance a bit moves forward during a single
revolution (TCL = feedrate / RPM) and is given in inches (or millimeters)
per revolution.
Climb milling - moving a rotary cutting tool in such a
manner that the cutting edge appears to roll, or climb along the
surface being cut. Since all bits deflect a little during a cut
and all materials resist being cut, climb milling will always
produce parts that are too big and pockets that are too small (the bit deflects AWAY FROM the climb side).
Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
- Controlling the motion of an object using electrical or
hydraulic actuators directed by a computer. In CNC
machining, a computer directs a set of drive motor to move a
cutting tool (or the object being cut) in a precise pattern
often consisting of joined lines, arcs and circles.
Conventional milling - moving a rotary cutting tool in
such a manner that the cutting edge moves in a direction against
the direction the cutter is moving. Since all bits deflect a
little during a cut and all materials resist being cut,
conventional milling tends to produce parts that are too small and
pockets that are too large (the bit deflects INTO the conventional side). By carefully balancing the material
resistance against the bit deflection, cuts of extreme precision
can be accomplished, even in soft materials.
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- Damascening - the art of decorating
iron, steel , or bronze, with inlaid threads of gold or silver,
producing a watered effect in forging, sword blades, gun barrels, and various metal objects.
- Depth of Cut (DOC) - the length of the fluted portion of a cutting tool. The length of the cutting edges. Also referred to as "Effective Flute Length (EFL)" or "length of cut".
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- Depth Setting Rings
- Plastic collars that are pressed onto the shank of a
drill bit or milling cutter that precisely sets the distance
from the tip of the tool to the face of the collet.
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- Diameter
- The maximum straight line distance across a circle
measured as the perpendicular separation of any two parallel
tangent lines.
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- Dowel drill
- A drill bit ground to produce a hole that precisely
matches the diameter of a wood, metal, or plastic dowel pin.
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- Dowel pin - A precisely
formed cylinder of metal, wood, or plastic used to accurately
position, and fix two or more objects relative to each
other.
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- Drill point - A precisely
formed cylinder of metal, wood, or plastic used to accurately
position, and fix two or more objects relative to each
other.
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- Effective Flute Length (EFL) - The
axial length of the cutting edge(s) of a rotary cutter. In
most instances, the EFL is the same as the maximum Depth of Cut
(DOC).
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- Entarsia
- a mosiac of wood fitted and glued into a wooden support;
also: the art of process of making such work.
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- Feed rate -
The speed of a tool relative to the material that it is
cutting.
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- Figure
(wood)
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A
term is often confused with grain. By definition, the figure
of a wood refers to the pattern caused by color differences in
the wood. The figure is also the pattern created by different
types of grain.
- Fishtail cutter
- A rotary cutting tool whose tip has been ground so that
the outermost edges extend beyond the center of the tool.
Seen in profile, the cutting tip looks like the chevron shape of
a fish's tail (hence the name). Tools with this tip geometry are
commonly used when back side breakout and splintering must be
avoided when plunging all the way through an unsupported
material.
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- Fret
- A raised bar (usually metal) positioned at the nodal
point of the string on a musical instrument. Used to
select the resonance length of each string to produce specific
notes.
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- Full plunge cut
- Cutting with a milling cutter using the entire EFL in a
single pass.
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- Flute
- The axial cutting edge of a rotary tool. Both straight
and helical flutes are commonly encountered in modern cutters.
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- Grain
- The direction in which the fibers of the wood are
running. Types of grain are: straight, wavy, irregular, spiral,
curly, interlocking and birds-eye. The fibers of interlocking
grain have a weaved structure, thus making the wood strong and
less apt to split and suitable for bending. Irregular grain is
caused by an interruption in the growth of the tree by branches
or crotches. For ship building irregular grain is used for
natural curved members such as knees.
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- Hardwood
- Generally, any tough, heavy wood with a tight, compact
grain structure.
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- Hogging
- Cutting with a large chip load to quickly remove a lot of
material during a machining operation. Used to produce a part or
cavity whose dimensions are equal to the desired finished size
plus a given amount of excess material that will be removed in a
more accurate finish pass. Roughing out.
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- Inlay
- process of ornamenting a surface by in-setting materials of
different shade, color, texture or substance, usually in such a manner as to
preserve a continuous, smooth plane. Inlay makes use of a wide
range of materials including wood, stone, ivory, glass,
mother-of-pearl, and tortoiseshell.
Intarisa - see entarsia.
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Kerf - slot or trough formed
in a material by a cutting tool. Alternately, the width of cut of
a cutting tool.
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Lexan© - a type of
tough, break-resistant plastic. Most effectively cut using a 2
flute cutter.
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- Luthier - A musical
instrument maker.
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Microtool - Generally
considered as any rotary tool with a diameter less than
0.0313" (0.8mm). May also refer to any rotary tool with
a diameter less than 0.125" (3.15mm).
MOP - An acronym for
Mother-of-Pearl, oyster shell.
- Mosaic -
art of arranging colored pieces of marble, glass, tile,
wood or other material in pre-selected shades, colors
and/or textures to produce a picture or surface design.
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- Niello -
a black metalic alloy of sulfur, copper, silver, and
usually lead, used as a inlay on engraved metal.
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- Non-ferrous metals - any
metal or alloy that does not contain iron. Examples
include gold, silver, copper,
aluminum, and brass. PreciseBits will gladly dispose of any
excess gold, silver or platinum that you may have lying
around.
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- Over All Length (OAL) - the total length of a cutting tool from tip to butt
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- Peck - Repetitive
plunging of a bit into a material while gradually increasing the
degree of penetration. Used to prevent breakage and minimize tip
wander (deflection). Pecking is routinely used when drilling
small diameter holes in composite materials (like fiberglass)
that tend to make the tip deflect.
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- Plunge
- Drive in along an axis, drill, dive in
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- Post finishing
- Any operation that is needed to add the finishing touches
to a part, or complete assembly.
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- PreciseBIT - PriceCut's two
flute microtools have a long track record of superb performance across a variety
of applications.
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- Ring set - distance from
the back (collet side) of the depth setting to the tip of the
tool. Usually 0.570" (14.5mm) or 0.800" (20.3mm)
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- Router
- A cylindrical rotary cutting tool with "teeth"
ground in a spiral along the entire EFL. Tools of this sort are
commonly used on composites consisting of a very hard material
(glass, granite) embedded in a much softer matrix (PVC, acrylic,
epoxy, phenolic).
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- RPM
- Revolutions Per Minute. The rate of spin measured
in inverse minutes.
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- Spindle
- Any motor driven shaft fitted with a drive motor on one
end and a tool holder on the other. Spindles are available
with belt drives, direct drive, gear drives and air turbines
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- Spindle speed - The
rotational speed of a spindle. Usually measured in RPM.
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- Surface erosion
- The removal of material from a surface that is subject to
mechanical wear, chemical attack, or any other process that
results in such removal. In rotary cutters, surface erosion is
the leading cause of edge dulling and the reduction of flute
diameter.
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- Surface Feet per Minute
- SFM - a measure (in feet per minute) of how fast a cutting edge passes through a material. From a practical point of view, it is equal to the tangential velocity of a point on the outermost surface of a cutting tool. It is caclulated by multiplying the circumference of the cutter (in feet) by how fast the tool is turning (RPM). In other other words:
SFM = Tool Diameter X 3.14 X RPM
- Swarf - Material cut or
removed during a machining operation. Also referred to as
"cutting debris", "chips", "sawdust", or, in Washington DC, "taxpayer dollars".
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- Texture
(wood)
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wood's texture is directly related to the suitability for
carving and the fineness of detail which can be achieved.
Texture ranges from coarse to medium to fine and to ultra fine.
In ship building, coarse and medium textured woods are suitable
for heavy timbering such as hull framing and deck beams. Fine
textured wood is used for planking, moldings, rails ect. Fine
and ultra fine texture is for carving small fittings and
delicate parts. Texture is also uniform or uneven. An uneven
textured wood has different size cell cavities giving the wood
hard and soft spots. When machining or carving a piece and it
suddenly breaks, it may be because you hit a large cell cavity
or a soft spot. Uniform texture results
in uniform, predictable cutting forces and is preferred whenever
small, critical tolerances are required.
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- Total Indicated Run-out (TIR) - The
deviation in the location of the surface of a rotating cylinder
from a given reference axis. The deviation is usually a
result of a variation in the diameter of the cylinder or a skew
between the cylinder's axis and the axis of rotation. PreciseBits
solid carbide tools are centerless ground to a TIR of
±0.0002" (0.005mm).
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- Tolerance - The acceptable
deviation from a given specification.
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UltraBIT - PreciseBits's new family of tools developed in response to the growing
need for greater precision by cuemakers, steel rule diemakers, luthiers and
clockmakers. Comprising both 2 flute and 3 flute designs, UltraBITs are
laser and/or optically inspected to insure compliance with the tighter
tolerances (+/-0.0005 in.) demanded by these applications. Each new design is tested for performance in particular
applications before release, leading to our designation of UltraBITs as the
first truly "application specific micro-tools" available to the woodworking
industry.
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- Weight (wood) -
The
average weight per cubic foot. The larger the number the denser and,
generally, the harder the wood is. The denser the wood the more
brittle it becomes, making it harder to bend and carve. Advantages
to hard woods are that finer detail can be achieved and the wood can
be polished to an ultra smooth finish. Balsa has a weight of 8, Oak
is about 45 and Ebony weights in at 80
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